Vocabulary

-reliability (15): consistency in test results, related to the assumption that human characteristics are relatively stable over short periods of time.
-ripple effect (13): the extent to which an entire class responds to a reprimand only directed at one student.
-scaffolding (2): supporting learning during its early phases through such techniques as demonstrating how tasks should be accomplished, giving hints to the correct solution to a problem or answer to a question, and providing leading questions
-scholastic aptitude (15): the cognitive skills that most directly relate to and best predict the ability to cope with academic demands (often used as a synonym for intelligence)
-scientific concepts (2): a term coined by Vygostsky to denote such psychological tools as language, formulas, rules, and symbols that are learned mostly with the aid of formal instruction
-self-actualization (12): the movement toward full development of a person's potential talents and capabilities.
-self-efficacy (3): the degree to which people describe themselves to others, using statements that are largely nonevaluative
-social class (5): an individual's or a family's relative standing in society, determined by such factors as income, occupation, education, palce of residence, types of associations, manner of dress, and material possessions
-social cognitive theory (9): an explanation of how people learn to become self-regulated learners through the interactive effects of their personal characteristics, behaviors, and social reinforcement
-social constructivism (10): a form of constructivist learning theory that emphasizes how people use various cultural tools
-socioeconomic status (5): a quantifiable level of social standing, determined by the federal government on the basis of a person's income, occupation, and education
-spontaneous concepts (2): a term coined by Vygotsky to denote the facts, concepts, and rules that young children acquire as a natural consequence of engaging in everyday activities
-standard deviation (15): a statistic that indicates the degree to which scores in a group of tests differ from the average or mean.
-styles of mental self-government (4): a theory of learning style formulated by Robert Sternberg that's based on the different functions and forms of civil government; it describes 13 styles that can vary in terms of function, form, level, scope, and learning
-summative evaluation (14): testing done for the purpose of assigning a letter or numerical grade to sum up a student's performance at a variety of tasks over time.
-taxonomy (11): a classification scheme with categories arranged in hierarchical order.
-teacher expectancy effect (5): the tendency of students to behave in ways they think the teacher expects them to behave
-teaching as an art (1): a way of teaching that involves intangibles such as emotions, values, and flexibility
-teaching as a science (1): a way of teaching based on scientific methods such as sampling, control, objectivity, publication, and replication
-theoretical learning (2): learning how to use psychological tools across a range of setting and problem types to acquire new knowledge and skills
-theory of multiple intelligences (4): a theory formulated by Howard Gardner that describes intelligence as being composed of 8, mostly independent capabilities
-token economy (7): a behavior-strengthening technique that uses items of no inherent value to "purchase" other items perceived to be valuable
-transfer of learning (10): a student's ability to apply knowledge and problem-solving skills learned in school to similar but new situations
-triarchic theory of intelligence (4): a theory formulated by Robert Sternberg that describes intelligence as being composed of practical, creative, and analytical components
-two-way bilingual education (5): an approach to bilingual education in which instruction is provided to all students in both the minority language and the majority language
-validity (15): the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure.
-withitness (13): an attribute of teachers who prove to their students that they know what is going on in a classroom and as a result have fewer discipline problems than teachers who lack this characteristic.
-zero transfer (10): a situation in which prior learning has no effect on new learning
-zone of proximal development (2): Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can do on his/her own and what can be accomplished with some assistance

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